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Title
Teachers as Evaluators: Teacher-based Language Assessment

Presenter
Farzaneh Dehghan

Abstract
In today's educational and evaluative trends, there is a growing demand for less reliance on standardized tests. Admission decisions to colleges and universities are being made with less emphasis on using standardized test scores and more on other criteria such as Grade Point Averages (GPAs). GPAs are based in large measure on teacher-made assessment. If teacher-made tests are not valid, how can valid decisions and interpretations be made on their basis? Is the solution in returning to standardized tests or there are some ways by which the reliability and validity of teacher-made assessment can be increased?   

Since the scores assigned by teachers to the students at the end or in the middle of the academic year are not usually a one shot process and comprise different test scores, ratings, group work activities, etc., then it is extremely important to have these types of assessment procedures constructed and performed with the highest standards of quality. This article explores issues related to teacher-made assessment. Contrary to what some scholars who regard teacher-made tests as low-stakes and not needing necessarily high indices of reliability and validity, the present article shows that such divisions are not always clear-cut and in some cases the results of teacher-made assessment and tests are highly effective. At the end some guidelines for improving the quality and accountability of teacher-made tests are provided.

Key Words: assessment, classroom-based assessment, teacher-made assessment, reliability, validity

References
Alderson, J.C. and Benerjee, J. 2001: Language testing and assessment (part I). Language Teaching 34, 213-236.
Backman, F.L. 1990: Fundamental considerations in language testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Backman, F.L., and Palmer, A.S. 1996: Language testing in practice: designing and developing useful language tests. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Genesee, F. and  Upshur, J. 1996: Classroom-based evaluation in second language evaluation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gipps, C.V. 1992: National Curriculum assessment: a research agenda. British Educational Research Journal 18, 277-286
——– 1994: Beyond testing: towards a theory of educational assessment. London: Falmer Press.
Huerta-Macias, A.1995: Alternative assessment: responses to commonly asked questions. TESOL Journal 5, 8-11.
Lambert, D and Lines, D. 2000: Understanding assessment purposes, perceptions, and practices. USA: Routledge Falmer.
Messick, S. 1989: Validity. In Linn, R.L., editor, Educational measurement. 3rd edn. New York: American Council on Education / Macmillian, 13-103.
 ——– 1995: Standards of validity and the validity of standards in performance assessment. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice 14, 5-8.
Notar, C.H.,  D.C. Zuelke, J.D. Wilson, and B.D. Yunker. 2004: The table of specifications: Insuring accountability in teacher made tests. Journal of Instructional Psychology 31, 115-129.
Rea-Dickins, P. and S. Gardner. 2000: Snares and silver bullets: disentangling the construct of formative assessment. Language Testing 17, 215-243.
Shohamy, E.1998: Applying a multiplism approach. In Li, E. and James, G., editors, Testing and evaluation in second language education. Hong Kong: Language Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.
Teasdale, A. and C. Leung. 2000: Teacher assessment and psychometric theory: a case of paradigm crossing? Language Testing 17, 163-184.
Weir, C.J. 1993: Understanding and developing language tests. London: Prentice-Hall International English Language Teaching.

Bio:-
The author has got her degree in TEFL from Shiraz University in 2002 and from that time on has taught in many EFL situations including colleges, universities, pre-universities and private institutes. The main areas of interest are language learning strategies, strategy training, assessment, and teacher education and training.


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